Outlook about persepectives and future work to contain spread of these diseases are also reported. From these results, it can be concluded that the ap, pd and esfy phytoplasmas are coherent but discrete taxa that can be distinguished at the putative species level, for which the names candidatus phytoplasma mali, candidatus phytoplasma pyri and candidatus phytoplasma prunorum. For two consecutive years, groups of insects caught monthly from march to october were used for transmission trials. Pdf cacopsylla picta as most important vector for candidatus. In the spring of 2007, malefemale pairs of fieldcollected adults were exposed to ca. A novel e ector protein of apple proliferation phytoplasma.
Apple proliferation phytoplasma rhode island department. Ecological and genetic differences between cacopsylla. Phytoplasma mali by the vector cacopsylla picta article pdf available september 2010 with 50 reads. The acquisition of candidatus phytoplasma mali by the overwintering adults of cacopsylla melanoneura and cacopsylla picta was studied by feeding the insects on infected plants for different periods 12, 4 and 6 days. Cacopsylla is a genus of bugs in the psyllidae family, the jumping plant lice. Candidatus phytoplasma prunorum zemdirbysteagriculture. The insect vector cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium candidatus phytoplasma mali to its progeny c. Pdf potential psyllid vectors of candidatus phytoplasma.
This coupled with attraction, is interpreted as manipulation to enhance spread of the phytoplasma 62. Pdf chemical ecology of psyllids and their interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infected c. The apple proliferation ap, induced by candidatus phytoplasma mali, is a serious disease that causes significant economic losses to apple growers. Detection of candidatus phytoplasma mali in different. General information about cacopsylla melanoneura psylme this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience. Cacopsylla melanoneura, cacopsylla picta, candidatus phytoplasma mali, ctenarytaina, disease. Candidatus phytoplasma mali bulletin of insectology. Cacopsylla melanoneura foerster is considered one of the most important vectors of candidatus phytoplasma mali, the phytoplasma associated with apple proliferation disease. Forster hemiptera psyllidae is one of the vectors of candidatus phytoplasma mali, which is the.
Phytoplasma mali from infected apple trees and spread the bacterium by subsequently feeding on uninfected trees. Candidatus phytoplasma mali infected cacopsylla picta found in apple orchards in southwestern finland. Molecular identification of two vector species, cacopsylla. Until now, this has been the most important method of ca.
Acquisition capacities of the overwintering adults of the. Ishs xx international symposium on virus and viruslike diseases of temperate fruit crops fruit tree diseases infectivity of cacopsylla picta syn. Pdf analysis of the acquisition and multiplication. Its main mode of distribution is through insect pests mainly cacopsylla picta and c. For the control of phytoplasma presence in the psyllids and in the apple plants polymerase chain reaction pcr, nested pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were used. Introduction candidatus phytoplasma pyri is widespread throughout europe. Phytoplasmas are cell wallless, phloemlimited and so far uncultured bacteria which are associated with plant diseases of large economic impact. Summary the life cycle of pear decline phytoplasma in the vector cacopsylla pyri has been studied. Apple proliferation phytoplasma candidatus phytoplasma mali this pathogen from europe mainly targets apple trees but can also infect stone fruit trees such as cherry, apricot and plum.
Cacopsylla melanoneura and cacopsylla picta are involved in the transmission of candidatus phytoplasma mali, the etiological agent of apple proliferation ap disease. This is the first report about the molecular characterisation of the phytoplasma vector species cacopsylla pruni scopoli and ca. Phytoplasma mali in different populations of cacopsylla melanoneura in italy. Pdf psyllids are vectors of phytoplasma, which cause important diseases of pome fruit trees. Phytoplasma mali in germany, the causal agent of apple proliferation, an economically important disease of apple in europe. The genus includes most of the psylla harmful to fruit trees species. Cacopsylla picta as most important vector for candidatus phytoplasma mali in germany and neighbouring regions barbara jarausch, annette fuchs, nora schwind, gabriele krczal, wolfgang jarausch rlp agroscience, alplantainstitute for plant research, neustadt a. Cacopsylla picta british society for plant pathology wiley. In previous work, all acknowledged vectors of the fruit tree phytoplasmas have been found in bulgaria.
Ap phytoplasma, cell wall deficient bacteria which. We do not use these to store personal information about you. Pdf a survey of the distribution of cacopsylla picta and cacopsylla melanoneura, the putative vectors of candidatus phytoplasma mali, and. Population dynamics of cacopsylla melanoneura hemiptera. The univoltine psyllid cacopsylla picta foerster is the main vector of ca. The phytoplasma is highly pleomorphic, approximately 200 to 800 nm in diameter. Insect samples collected in the orchard by the beating. Psyllid species reported as phytoplasma vectors were.
Psyllidae was determined and the role of this psyllid as a vector of ca. Cacopsylla costalis flor, 1861, cacopsylla mali schmidberber, 1836 sowie trioza urticae. The species composition of jumping plantlice, especially cacopsylla pruni as a vector of candidatus. Phytoplasma mali is strongly connected to its insect vector and the host plant. Its population dynamics on its host plant apple malus spp. Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma disease management cost. The possible transovarial transmission of two phytoplasmas, candidatus phytoplasma mali and candidatus phytoplasma prunorum, through their respective psyllid vectors cacopsylla melanoneura and cacopsylla pruni, was investigated. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library.
Candidatus phytoplasma mali british society for plant pathology. Cacopsylla costalis flor 1861, as a vector of apple. Different life stages of the progeny of infected female psyllids were analysed by pcr detection of phytoplasma dna. The psyllid cacopsylla melanoneura is considered one of the vectors of candidatus phytoplasma mali, the causal agent of apple proliferation disease.
Cacopsylla melanoneura, cacopsylla picta, candidatus phytoplasma mali, ctenarytaina, disease transmission, psyllids, trioza. Summary experimental transmission of european stone fruit yellows phytoplasma to japanese plum cv. Phytoplasma mali in germany and neighbouring regions. During the last few years my coworkers and me started to elucidate the chemical ecology of jumping plant lice hemiptera. Candidatus phytoplasma mali, candidatus phytoplasma. The phloemsucking psyllid cacopsylla picta forster, 1848 c.
Candidatus phytoplasma mali is found in the sieve tubes of the current seasons phloem. Ozark premier was achieved using cacopsylla pruni, caught in the field or raised on infected plants under controlled con. Phytoplasma are obligate plant and insect symbionts that exhibit a biphasic life. The insect will also feed on apple trees and is considered the main vector of the phytoplasma disease ca. Cacopsylla pyrisuga moderate candidatus phytoplasma pyri unknown pcr, rflp pyrus communis beating tray method morphological identification cacopsylla melanoneura high candidatus phytoplasma mali unknown pcr, rflp malus domestica, crataegus sp. They are transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by phloem feeding insects like leafhoppers, planthoppers and psyllids. Nymph development takes place between march and the end of april. First report of candidatus phytoplasma mali, the causal agent of apple proliferation disease, in apple trees in finland. Both vectors are present in apple orchards of south tyrol and trentino provinces in northern italy.
In fact, the bermuda grass whiteleaf phytoplasma has a genome size of only 530 kb, one of the smallest known genomes of all living organisms. Phytoplasmas, microorganisms associated with severe plant diseases, are obligate parasites transmitted by phloemfeeding insects. Research conducted in different geographic regions showed different transmission. In 2006 and 2007, overwintering adult psyllids were collected from different host plants apple, hawthorn and conifers in different localities to assess the natural. Cacopsylla picta, cacopsylla melanoneura, cacopsylla pyri, cacopsylla pyricola, and cacopsylla pruni, and also putative vectors like. Detection of european fruit tree phytoplasmas and their insect. Janika alaimburg research centre for agriculture and forestry, laimburg 6 pfatten vadena, 39040 auer, bolzano.
Occurrence of different cacopsylla species in apple. Phytoplasma mali cacopsylla picta p, c, pr, pl deceptive signaling. Candidatus phytoplasma mali, transmission, cacopsylla melanoneura, cacopsylla mali, phytoplasma. Candidate insect vectors of apple proliferation in. The disease is spread by the pear psyllid cacopsylla. Phytoplasmas have very small genomes, with extremely small amount of g and c nucleotides sometimes as little as 23%, which is thought to be the lower threshold for a viable genome. Detection ofcandidatus phytoplasma mali in different populations of cacopsylla melanoneura in italy. Pdf detection of candidatus phytoplasma mali in different. Candidatus phytoplasma mali is the etiological agent of apple proliferation ap, a phytoplasma disease which may.
Analysis of the acquisition and multiplication efficiency of different strains of ca. Cacopsylla melanoneura is a univoltine psyllid vector of candidatus phytoplasma mali, the etiological agent of apple proliferation ap, a severe disease in european apple orchards. Pdf candidatus phytoplasma mali infected cacopsylla. Cacopsylla picta as most important vector for candidatus phytoplasma mali in germany and neighbouring regions article pdf available in bulletin of insectology 602. Cacopsylla melanoneura is an insect of the psyllidae family. Read possible phytoplasma transovarial transmission in the psyllids cacopsylla melanoneura and cacopsylla pruni, plant pathology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Psyllidae and their interactions with vectored phytoplasma and different host plants. The most characteristic symptom allowing a reliable. Cacopsylla bidens which might be a further vector of pd. Establishment of a permanent rearing of cacopsylla picta. Further information on the molecular classification of phytoplasmas belonging to the apple proliferation clade may be found in seemuller et al.
Detection of candidatus phytoplasma maliin different populations. Apple proliferation phytoplasma is one of the three phytoplasmas belonging to the apple proliferation group clade. Cacopsylla picta as most important vector for candidatus. Phytoplasma prunorum and their known and putative vectors have been identified in bulgaria recently. A study of the effects of candidatus phytoplasma mali on. Possible phytoplasma transovarial transmission in the. Candidate insect vectors of apple proliferation in northwest spain. Several economically relevant phytoplasmaassociated diseases are described together with an update of phytoplasma taxonomy and major biological and molecular features of phytoplasmas.
Pdf cacospylla melanoneura forster hemiptera psyllidae is one of the. Phytoplasma mali apple proliferation in northwestern italy references. Cacopsylla trioza mali schmidberger, 1836 combinations. The insect vector cacopsylla picta vertically transmits.
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